the optimal placement of distributed generation (dg) to improve the voltage profile and reduce losses in radial distribution networks using pso

voltage profile and losses are important factors in a distribution network in which there arevariety of ways to improve them. in this paper, distributed generation (dg) is used as a solutionto improve the above characteristics. backward/forward sweep load flow algorithm is used dueto the inefficiency of usual load flow algorithms because of high r/x ratio and their lack ofconvergence in distribution networks. this algorithm is applied to the system and the best placeto install dg is selected by particle swarm optimization (pso).